Adjuvants are diverse compounds that enhance the effectiveness of (cancer) vaccines. For human vaccines, registered adjuvants are limited and include aluminum-based and oil/water-based adjuvants.

Two main pathways have been described for cross-presentation: the cytosolic pathway, in which antigen processing occurs in the cytosol, and the vacuolar pathway, in which antigen processing occurs ...

The immune system uses a sophisticated profiling method to identify and subdue foreign pathogens. Using small protein fragments from viruses or bacteria, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) prime armies ...